Biogeography looks at patterns of living things in space and time. By combining ecological; evolutionary; and geographic points of view; we will see how life has evolved around the globe to exploit physical differences such as soils and climate. Landscape ecology quantifies spatial structure; especially as affected by humans; in regions comprising one or more ecosystems. Relating the two approaches helps us to appreciate how populations have survived geographical constraints in the past and to predict how they might fare in the future. Geographic information systems will be demonstrated as an important contemporary tool in spatial ecology.